November 2023 - stunnel-users

stunnel FIPS mode 140-2/ Other Modes
by mehmet ozisik 19 Sep '25

19 Sep '25

Hi All, I would like to ask a question about stunnel fips mode. There are lots of question and answers on the internet related with this, but I could not find any answer related with mine. I am compiling with openssl (auto detecting fips) . Here is a part of confgiure output : checking for FIPS_mode_set... yes configure: FIPS mode detected So I am thinking that fips also is being included. Then I try to run stunnel on target platform (in stunnel.conf fips=yes) and it gives below error : Compiled/running with OpenSSL 0.9.8w-fips 23 Apr 2012 Threading:PTHREAD Sockets:POLL,IPv6 SSL:ENGINE,OCSP,FIPS Reading configuration from file stunnel.conf FIPS_mode_set: 2D06906E: error:2D06906E:FIPS routines:FIPS_CHECK_INCORE_FINGERPRINT:fingerprint does not match there are lots of information about this errror on internet. Then when I configure stunnel.conf with fips=no, stunnel is running successfully. I know that fips=yes means that enables FIPS 140-2 mode and I guess my fips canister does not supoort fips 140-2 mode (I do not know which fips mode it has supported). Now my question is coming : When I set fips=no, stunnel also starts with other available fips modes which the canister included? Or it skips running fips mode completely? Plase inform me if anyone has any idea? Regards

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Requests to cloud server that requires host header
by Lorne Kates 13 Nov '24

13 Nov '24

(related to Akamai message from before-- but I have better troubleshooting information). I'm tying to route traffic through stunnel to a "cloud" based-endpoint. That endpoint has a static server name-- test.authorize.net. (This is the dev sandbox for auth.net) But if you do an nslookup on test.authorize.net, you'll get back a different servername and IP, because it's so wonderfully "cloud". Stunnel apparently tries to connect to the nslookup value. The server rejects the request because it can't route it back to test.authorize.net. I've tried adding "delay = yes" and "sni = test.authorize.net", but neither work. To see this in action, a simple setup with any accept, then connect to test.authorize.net:443 in client = yes mode. This is what a valid response looks like (13 -- give me the darn merchant ID in a POST): https://test.authorize.net/gateway/transact.dll This is what you'll get if you try to use stunnel (400 invalid url) : https://23.195.204.150/gateway/transact.dll So how can I get stunnel to send the proper Request Header (host: test.authorize.net) make sure it's using http/1.1, etc?

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Re: [stunnel-users] CPU 100%
by Eric Eberhard 06 Nov '24

06 Nov '24

Long ago I had a server with a bad network card. Every once in a while it would spew uncontrollable bytes onto the network. If you open a stunnel connection and it does that this could very well be the problem. If it cheap, try changing the network card. If not, you should be able to look in your firewall/router and it will tell you who is sending what bytes to whomever. See if that machine is indeed streaming the bytes in massive quantities. If not, I would suspect your stunnel is getting stuck in it's own loop. There are a million reasons this can happen (well a few less than a million) - such as maybe a bad library in the FreeBSD or a bad choice in the Makefile - such as doing threads or something in a way your O/S does not like (I use threads=fork or whatever it is, instead of actual threading). You might tinker with some of the options that make the stunnel build and try different ones. Especially if stunnel was compiled on a different version of the O/S - could be differences in bytes in things and who knows what. That is all I can suggest beyond setting the debug level to 7 (I think is highest) and then watching the log file. Eric From: stunnel-users [mailto:stunnel-users-bounces@stunnel.org] On Behalf Of Murrey, Brian J. Sent: Wednesday, October 17, 2018 10:57 AM To: stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org Subject: [stunnel-users] CPU 100% We are running stunnel 5.49 on FreeBSD 11.2 and we're running into a problem once in a while. CPU pegs at 100% when we get an stunnel connection from one of our external devices. This affects 100% of all cores and we can't even log in to console. To mitigate this temporarily, we have a script running in the background to watch when stunnel begins to spike and restarts the daemon. It doesn't happen 100% of the time, and so far I have been unable to distinguish what makes the connection do this to the CPU. Have any of you run in to this issue? Sincerely, Brian Murrey System Engineer II, IT Infrastructure _____ NOTICE: This message may contain privileged and confidential information and/or protected health information intended solely for the use of the named recipient and may be privileged or otherwise protected by law. If you are not the intended recipient of this message, you should immediately notify the sender and delete this message. Do not disseminate, reproduce, or review this message or attachments if you are not the intended recipient. The sender or others may have legal rights restricting the dissemination of the information contained in this message and, as a result, remedies against you in the event of the improper dissemination of confidential information, trade secrets, personal information or privileged communications. This message is the work of the sender and does not necessarily reflect the position, views, or policies of TriMedx LLC or its affiliates. WARNING: The integrity and security of this message cannot be guaranteed and may contain or transmit a virus or other illicit code. Neither TriMedx LLC or its affiliates accept liability for any damage attributable to viruses or illicit code transmitted through this message or an attachment.

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older browsers, stunnel and privoxy
by kovacs janos 04 Mar '24

04 Mar '24

sorry to bother, im trying to make older browsers be able to display TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2 sites. i heard stunnel cant be configured to always forward to the current site address dynamically, thats why i would use privoxy. the browser is configured to send to: 127.0.0.1 443 stunnel config has this at the end: [Tunnel_in] client = yes accept = 127.0.0.1:443 connect = 127.0.0.1:8118 verifyChain = yes CAfile = ca-certs.pem checkHost = localhost 127.0.0.1:8118 is the privoxy address. this is what stunnel writes: LOG5[main]: Configuration successful LOG5[0]: Service [Tunnel_in] accepted connection from 127.0.0.1:3261 LOG5[0]: s_connect: connected 127.0.0.1:8118 LOG5[0]: Service [Tunnel_in] connected remote server from 127.0.0.1:3262 and the browser infinitely loads, and never loads anything or leaves the page. if i remove the last 3 lines, its the same just with this line added: LOG4[main]: Service [Tunnel_in] needs authentication to prevent MITM attacks but it doesnt give an error or anything. with a configuration like: [Tunnel_out] client = no accept = 127.0.0.1:443 connect = 127.0.0.1:8118 cert = stunnel.pem this is what it gives: LOG5[3]: Service [Tunnel_out] accepted connection from 127.0.0.1:3294 LOG3[3]: SSL_accept: 1407609B: error:1407609B:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_CLIENT_HELLO:https proxy request LOG5[3]: Connection reset: 0 byte(s) sent to TLS, 0 byte(s) sent to socket and browser gives a server not found error immediately. im not even sure if i should use client or server configuration in a case like this, but none of them works anyway. all i would need is for my browser to get the pages decrypted, or at least in less than TLS1.1. like how on newipnow.com i can access sites with any encryption, since they are sent to the browser without encryption. the browser just gives an "unencrypted tunnel" warning, which is how i found stunnel, and which is exactly what i need, just locally.

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Stunnel load balancing through F5
by caspernetherlands＠gmail.com 05 Dec '23

05 Dec '23

Hello, Was wondering if anyone has tried to setup an HA like setup, specifically active/passive through two Stunnel servers and F5 load balancers. The problem I have is that TCP health checks (active checks) from the F5 are causing session initiation all the way to the 3rd party on the other side and this is causing a lot of unnecessary TCP traffic at the transport layer. The good thing is that the F5 closes these TCP sessions, but the problem is the 3rd party thinks someone is trying to brute force or something. Does anyone know how to maintain the TCP active health checks that the F5 does, but at the same time not cause a session initiation all the way to the 3rd party? Or if it’s not possible to stop the session initiation, would there be any option where something can be adjusted in the stunnel side so that the other side sees only one TCP health check as opposed to multiple every few seconds?

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WG: stunnel core dumps, "SSL3_GET_RECORD:decryption failed or bad record mac"
by Sacha Hottinger 27 Nov '23

27 Nov '23

Hello, We are using stunnel 5.71 on Solaris 10 to tunnel NFS on more than 50 systems. In the past we saw stunnel dumping cores without any errors or hints in the stunnel log file. It was believed to be an OpenSSL 1.x problem. We got an stunnel version with SSL 2.x and 3.x but we had to go back to 1.x because of other problems. We noticed the dumps to happen at regular times and found a script that made NFS requests every 10 Min. After changing the script so there are less NFS requests it was stable. It looked like the problem accumulated over time and a counter or something alike reached its limit which then resulted in the core dump. Then the core dumps started again. It still seems to be related to the amount of requests because the problem occurs on the two NFS Servers with the highest number of connections. This time, we see errors in the stunnel log. The error slightly varies: 2023.10.12 22:05:43 LOG3[10745]: SSL_read: s3_pkt.c:534: error:1408F119:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_RECORD:decryption failed or bad record mac // There were also a few cases with an additional "internal error". I.e: 2023.10.16 00:23:53 LOG5[2968]: Service [tls-nfs-srv] connected remote server from 127.0.0.1:38270 2023.10.16 00:40:19 LOG3[2968]: SSL_read: s3_pkt.c:534: error:1408F119:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_RECORD:decryption failed or bad record mac 2023.10.16 00:40:19 LOG3[2967]: SSL_read: s3_pkt.c:534: error:1408F119:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_RECORD:decryption failed or bad record mac 2023.10.16 00:40:19 LOG5[2968]: Connection reset: 2476 byte(s) sent to TLS, 3324 byte(s) sent to socket 2023.10.16 00:40:19 LOG5[2967]: Connection reset: 2500 byte(s) sent to TLS, 3100 byte(s) sent to socket INTERNAL ERROR: Bad magic at ssl.c, line 192 2023.10.16 00:40:20 LOG6[ui]: Initializing inetd mode configuration // or 2023.10.23 07:33:53 LOG5[62]: Service [tls-nfs-srv] connected remote server from 127.0.0.1:50626 2023.10.23 07:38:37 LOG3[62]: SSL_read: s3_pkt.c:534: error:1408F119:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_RECORD:decryption failed or bad record mac 2023.10.23 07:38:37 LOG5[62]: Connection reset: 364 byte(s) sent to TLS, 336 byte(s) sent to socket ... 2023.10.23 07:44:37 LOG5[61]: Connection reset: 1704 byte(s) sent to TLS, 2360 byte(s) sent to socket INTERNAL ERROR: Bad magic at OpenSSL, line 0 // or 2023.10.24 08:20:59 LOG5[52]: Service [tls-nfs-srv] connected remote server from 127.0.0.1:43966 2023.10.24 08:56:13 LOG6[52]: Read socket closed (readsocket) ... 2023.10.24 09:00:01 LOG5[53]: Service [tls-nfs-srv] accepted connection from 1.2.3.4:59973 2023.10.24 09:00:01 LOG6[53]: Peer certificate not required 2023.10.24 09:00:01 LOG3[49]: SSL_read: s3_pkt.c:534: error:1408F119:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_RECORD:decryption failed or bad record mac 2023.10.24 09:00:01 LOG5[49]: Connection reset: 7112 byte(s) sent to TLS, 9188 byte(s) sent to socket INTERNAL ERROR: Dead canary at OpenSSL, line 0 I have attached a file with more details. Although this looks like an OpenSSL problem at first glance, we think it still could be a problem with stunnel. Can you make more out of this data? Do you know a way to log more information about the connections? i.e. not all requests were accepted. What happened here? 2023.11.24 02:50:13 LOG7[359]: 354 server accept(s) requested 2023.11.24 02:50:13 LOG7[359]: 351 server accept(s) succeeded Thank you in advance. Best regards Sasha This email and any files transmitted with it are confidential and intended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom they are addressed. If you have received this email in error please notify the system manager.

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Proxy an unencrypted Oracle client
by Randall Smith 15 Nov '23

15 Nov '23

I'm trying to determine if it is possible to connect an Oracle client that is not configured for encrypted connections to a TLS or mTLS connected Oracle Autonomous database using an stunnel client connection. First I tested a TLS capable client to verify connectivity. Next I set up stunnel to make the same TLS connection. I have configured stunnel as follows: foreground = yes debug = info [oracle] accept = 127.0.0.1:1521 connect = adb.us-ashburn-1.oraclecloud.com:1521 client = yes Next, I attempted a non-encrypted Oracle database connection to 127.0.0.1:1521, but got the following errors from stunnel: 2023.11.14 10:58:50 LOG6[0]: TLS connected: new session negotiated 2023.11.14 10:58:50 LOG6[0]: TLSv1.2 ciphersuite: AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256-bit encryption) 2023.11.14 10:58:50 LOG3[0]: SSL_read: ../ssl/record/ssl3_record.c:1065: error:14191044:SSL routines:tls1_enc:internal error 2023.11.14 10:58:50 LOG5[0]: Connection reset: 752 byte(s) sent to TLS, 8 byte(s) sent to socket ^C2023.11.14 10:58:57 LOG3[ui]: Received SIGINT; terminating Could this be a configuration issue in stunnel or might there be something in the Oracle database protocol itself that is different for TLS connections that would prevent tunneling?

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Re: Silent installation is not working for Stunnel v5.71
by Josealf.rm 10 Nov '23

10 Nov '23

Hi Pavan, AFAIK, there is no option to customise the components when you do a silent install. You get all components. If someone knows better, let me know. Regards Jose > On 9/11/2023, at 1:09 AM, Pavan Reddy <pavan.reddy(a)adaptiva.com> wrote: > > Hi Jose, > > Gentle Reminder !! > > Can we get an update on this. > > Regards, > PavanReddy. > > -----Original Message----- > From: Pavan Reddy > Sent: Tuesday, November 7, 2023 10:17 AM > To: Josealf.rm <josealf(a)rocketmail.com> > Cc: stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org > Subject: RE: [stunnel-users] Silent installation is not working for Stunnel v5.71 > > Hi Jose, > > I have re-attached the snapshots for your reference. > > Regards, > PavanReddy. > > -----Original Message----- > From: Josealf.rm <josealf(a)rocketmail.com> > Sent: Thursday, November 2, 2023 4:49 PM > To: Pavan Reddy <pavan.reddy(a)adaptiva.com> > Cc: stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org > Subject: Re: [stunnel-users] Silent installation is not working for Stunnel v5.71 > > Hi Pavan, > > Sorry, I don’t see the snapshots/customizations you talk about. > > Regards > Jose > >> On 30/10/2023, at 7:19 AM, Pavan Reddy <pavan.reddy(a)adaptiva.com> wrote: >> >> Hi Team, >> >> Could you please provide an update on this. >> >> Regards, >> PavanReddy. >> >> -----Original Message----- >> From: Pavan Reddy >> Sent: Wednesday, October 25, 2023 3:08 PM >> To: Josealf.rm <josealf(a)rocketmail.com> >> Cc: stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org >> Subject: RE: [stunnel-users] Silent installation is not working for >> Stunnel v5.71 >> >> Hi Team, >> >> We are 3rd party patch provider like PatchMyPC or ManageEngine. We are providing similar services to our customers. >> For more details you may refer https://adaptiva.com/products/autonomous-patch. We are willing to add Stunnel 5.71 product to our catalogue. >> >> Application is installing silently by using /S. >> >> While installing the application we found these customizations. And I am attaching the snapshots. >> >> Could you please have a look and help us to handle these customizations with silent properties. >> >> Regards, >> PavanReddy. >> >> -----Original Message----- >> From: Josealf.rm <josealf(a)rocketmail.com> >> Sent: Monday, October 23, 2023 4:50 PM >> To: Meta Email <meta(a)adaptiva.com> >> Cc: stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org >> Subject: Re: [stunnel-users] Silent installation is not working for >> Stunnel v5.71 >> >> [Some people who received this message don't often get email from >> josealf(a)rocketmail.com. Learn why this is important at >> https://aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification ] >> >> Stunnel uses an NSIS based installer. Try using /S instead of -quiet. >> >> -quiet is a switch for stunnel.exe, not for the installer and is used to configure stunnel as a service. >> >> >> Regards >> Jose >> >>>> On 23/10/2023, at 3:30 AM, Meta Adaptiva via stunnel-users <stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org> wrote: >>> >>> Hi Team, >>> >>> We are 3rd party patch provider like PatchMyPC or ManageEngine. We are providing similar services to our customers and willing to add Stunnel to our catalogue. >>> https://ada/ >>> p%2F&data=05%7C01%7Cpavan.reddy%40adaptiva.com%7C1d6b0f9facd740f536d4 >>> 08dbdb959b24%7C1264bc823da147f88a41e4c19cdc7499%7C0%7C0%7C63834520784 >>> 7265891%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiL >>> CJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=hWcJe3nMjxuwIPz9M >>> ee9qKT5xCAi6ubmK3l%2FIu45e94%3D&reserved=0 >>> tiva.com%2Fproducts%2Fautonomous-patch&data=05%7C01%7Cpavan.reddy%40a >>> d >>> aptiva.com%7C1082867908d64478920608dbd3ba192e%7C1264bc823da147f88a41e >>> 4 >>> c19cdc7499%7C0%7C0%7C638336568481075204%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWI >>> j >>> oiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7 >>> C >>> %7C%7C&sdata=Vp%2FDHnulu3OEo%2BBnEnt5EY4GQfThzGQ5SC75YK%2Bb3V0%3D&res >>> e >>> rved=0 >>> >>> We have downloaded the binary from below URL – >>> https://www/. >>> stunnel.org%2Fdownloads.html&data=05%7C01%7Cpavan.reddy%40adaptiva.co >>> m >>> %7C1082867908d64478920608dbd3ba192e%7C1264bc823da147f88a41e4c19cdc749 >>> 9 >>> %7C0%7C0%7C638336568481075204%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjA >>> w >>> MDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sd >>> a >>> ta=kIsTmj%2Bx3fIiPWKL85BDKJ8yN2K%2FKk077dWHsb82Q9M%3D&reserved=0 >>> >>> We are trying to install the application silently, we found -quiet as silent switch for this application. But that is not installing the application silently. >>> Could you please help us to install the application silently. >>> _______________________________________________ >>> stunnel-users mailing list -- stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org To >>> unsubscribe send an email to stunnel-users-leave(a)stunnel.org >> >> Information in this email and any attachments is confidential and intended solely for the use of the individual(s) to whom it is addressed or otherwise directed. Please note that any views or opinions presented in this email are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of Adaptiva. Finally, the recipient should check this email and any attachments for the presence of viruses. Adaptiva accepts no liability for any damage caused by any virus transmitted by this email. > > Information in this email and any attachments is confidential and intended solely for the use of the individual(s) to whom it is addressed or otherwise directed. Please note that any views or opinions presented in this email are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of Adaptiva. Finally, the recipient should check this email and any attachments for the presence of viruses. Adaptiva accepts no liability for any damage caused by any virus transmitted by this email.

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TPM based mutual tls authentication
by Nyiri, Gabor (Nokia - HU/Budapest) 07 Nov '23

07 Nov '23

Hi, Can you help me how to configure stunnel client to use TPM for mutual TLS authentication? I want to connect with mTLS to a remote server then make this connection available for localhost without mTLS. Thanks for your help in advance! Here is my configuration so far without TPM: debug = debug output = /tmp/stunnel.log foreground = yes [mtls_client] client = yes accept = 127.0.0.1:12019 sni = server-with-mtls.example.com checkHost = server-with-mtls.example.com connect = 1.2.3.4:443 verifyChain = yes CApath = /etc/ssl/certs/ cert = client.crt key = client.key Thanks & br, Gábor Nyíri,

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Re: Silent installation is not working for Stunnel v5.71
by Josealf.rm 02 Nov '23

02 Nov '23

Hi Pavan, Sorry, I don’t see the snapshots/customizations you talk about. Regards Jose > On 30/10/2023, at 7:19 AM, Pavan Reddy <pavan.reddy(a)adaptiva.com> wrote: > > Hi Team, > > Could you please provide an update on this. > > Regards, > PavanReddy. > > -----Original Message----- > From: Pavan Reddy > Sent: Wednesday, October 25, 2023 3:08 PM > To: Josealf.rm <josealf(a)rocketmail.com> > Cc: stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org > Subject: RE: [stunnel-users] Silent installation is not working for Stunnel v5.71 > > Hi Team, > > We are 3rd party patch provider like PatchMyPC or ManageEngine. We are providing similar services to our customers. > For more details you may refer https://adaptiva.com/products/autonomous-patch. We are willing to add Stunnel 5.71 product to our catalogue. > > Application is installing silently by using /S. > > While installing the application we found these customizations. And I am attaching the snapshots. > > Could you please have a look and help us to handle these customizations with silent properties. > > Regards, > PavanReddy. > > -----Original Message----- > From: Josealf.rm <josealf(a)rocketmail.com> > Sent: Monday, October 23, 2023 4:50 PM > To: Meta Email <meta(a)adaptiva.com> > Cc: stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org > Subject: Re: [stunnel-users] Silent installation is not working for Stunnel v5.71 > > [Some people who received this message don't often get email from josealf(a)rocketmail.com. Learn why this is important at https://aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification ] > > Stunnel uses an NSIS based installer. Try using /S instead of -quiet. > > -quiet is a switch for stunnel.exe, not for the installer and is used to configure stunnel as a service. > > > Regards > Jose > >> On 23/10/2023, at 3:30 AM, Meta Adaptiva via stunnel-users <stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org> wrote: >> >> Hi Team, >> >> We are 3rd party patch provider like PatchMyPC or ManageEngine. We are providing similar services to our customers and willing to add Stunnel to our catalogue. >> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fadap >> tiva.com%2Fproducts%2Fautonomous-patch&data=05%7C01%7Cpavan.reddy%40ad >> aptiva.com%7C1082867908d64478920608dbd3ba192e%7C1264bc823da147f88a41e4 >> c19cdc7499%7C0%7C0%7C638336568481075204%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIj >> oiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C >> %7C%7C&sdata=Vp%2FDHnulu3OEo%2BBnEnt5EY4GQfThzGQ5SC75YK%2Bb3V0%3D&rese >> rved=0 >> >> We have downloaded the binary from below URL – >> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww. >> stunnel.org%2Fdownloads.html&data=05%7C01%7Cpavan.reddy%40adaptiva.com >> %7C1082867908d64478920608dbd3ba192e%7C1264bc823da147f88a41e4c19cdc7499 >> %7C0%7C0%7C638336568481075204%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAw >> MDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sda >> ta=kIsTmj%2Bx3fIiPWKL85BDKJ8yN2K%2FKk077dWHsb82Q9M%3D&reserved=0 >> >> We are trying to install the application silently, we found -quiet as silent switch for this application. But that is not installing the application silently. >> Could you please help us to install the application silently. >> _______________________________________________ >> stunnel-users mailing list -- stunnel-users(a)stunnel.org To unsubscribe >> send an email to stunnel-users-leave(a)stunnel.org > > Information in this email and any attachments is confidential and intended solely for the use of the individual(s) to whom it is addressed or otherwise directed. Please note that any views or opinions presented in this email are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of Adaptiva. Finally, the recipient should check this email and any attachments for the presence of viruses. Adaptiva accepts no liability for any damage caused by any virus transmitted by this email.

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